AAFCO is defined as the Association of American Feed Control Officials, which is a trade body that regulates the quality and safety of ingredients and food intended for animal feed in the United States. For more information visit http://www.aafco.org. (prepared by GOMES, M.O.S., 2009.). AAFCO is a voluntary membership association of local, state and federal agencies. Its members are charged by their local, state or federal laws to regulate the sale and distribution of animal feeds and animal drug remedies. AAFCO does not regulate or inspect anything. It cannot. It's not a government agency. It's a group whose members are government agencies representing the 50 states of EUA, Canada, and the federal government (US Food and Drug Administration, Center of Veterinary Medicine; FDA CVM). (prepared by PRADA, C.S., 2009.).

Brazilian Association of the Pet Products Industry, created in 2012 from the formerly named ANFAL-PET. Unlike the latter, it will not only work with pet food but with several products. (prepared by PRADA, C.S., 2012)

Substance intentionally incorporated into the food for the purpose of conferring some desirable characteristic such as color, aroma, texture, stability or resistance to decomposition, provided that it does not impair its nutritional value. (prepared by JEREMIAS, J.T., 2009.). Click here to read article on additives. (original text in Portuguese. Automatically translated).

Any substance consumed by the animal is capable of contributing to the maintenance of its life and survival of the species to which it belongs. (prepared by JEREMIAS, J.T., 2009.) (Original text in Portuguese. Automatically translated).

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

They are present in fats. They are hydrocarbon chains that contain from 2 to 24 carbons, have a carboxylic acid group at one end and a methyl group on the opposite side. They are classified as saturated fatty acids when they do not have double bonds between carbon atoms, monounsaturated when they have only one double bond, and polyisosaturated when they have two or more double bonds. (prepared by JEREMIAH, J.T., 2009.)

Ácidos graxos poliinsaturados com a primeira dupla ligação entre o carbono 3 e o 4, correspondem à família ômega-3. É um ácido graxo essencial porque os mamíferos não têm capacidade para sintetizá-lo. (elaborado por JEREMIAS, J.T., 2009.)

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

Polyunsaturated fatty acids with the first double bond between carbon 6 and 7, correspond to the omega-6 family. They are essential fatty acids, as mammals do not have the capacity to synthesize them. (prepared by JEREMIAH, J.T. 2009.)

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

Conjugated linoleic acid (ALC or CLA) is a term that describes the position and geometric isomers of linoleic acid (18:2, cis-9, cis-12), a fatty acid belonging to the omega-6 group and the first fatty acid considered essential in the diet of dogs. The most common sources of LAC are: ruminant milk, dairy products, beef, mutton and pork. It is believed that ALC can prevent or reduce obesity, improve insulin resistance, inhibit fat deposition, inhibit the development of neoplasms, and modulate inflammatory responses. (prepared by GOMES, M.O.S., 2009.).

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

Food allergy or hypersensitivity occurs when the animal develops a specific immune reaction to one or several components of the food, whether homemade or industrialized. It differs from Food Intolerance. (prepared by GOMES, M.O.S., 2009.)

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

Biological and cultural process that translates into the choice, preparation and consumption of one or several foods. (prepared by PRADA, C., 2013 from material from the Brazilian Ministry of Health). 

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

Feeding at will or that is carried out with freedom, allows the animal to have unlimited access to food or water. (prepared by JEREMIAH, J.T., 2009.) 

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

It is the use of the upper alimentary tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine) as a route for assisted feeding of patients. (prepared by GOMES, M.O.S.. 2009.).

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

Nutritional support administered by a route other than the normal alimentary conduit (digestive tract). The routes used can be intravenous, intraosseous and intraperitoneal. It consists of the administration of all nutritional needs (total parenteral nutrition) or part of them (partial parenteral nutrition), including calories, amino acids, lipids, vitamins and minerals. (prepared by JEREMIAH, J.T., Aug, 2010.).

Toda substância que, consumida pelo animal, é capaz de contribuir para a manutenção de sua vida e sobrevivência da espécie à qual pertence. (elaborado por JEREMIAS, J.T., 2009.)     
 

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

It is considered a balanced food that is able to provide the animal with the appropriate amounts and proportions of all the nutrients necessary for a period of 24 hours. (prepared by GOMES, M.O.S., 2009.).

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

Responsible for the maintenance and growth of the organism, as well as renewal of tissues and cells. It's the proteins. (selected by PRADA, C.S., a patir do site do HC da FM-USP Jun/2014).     

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

Responsible for the body's energy. It's the carbs and the lipids. (selected by PRADA, C.S., a patir do site do HC da FM-USP Jun/2014).     

Define-se por alimento funcional aquele alimento ou ingrediente que, além das funções nutritivas básicas, quando consumido como parte da dieta usual produza efeitos metabólicos, fisiológicos e/ou efeitos benéficos á saúde, devendo ser seguro para consumo sem supervisão profissional. Os termos alimento funcional e nutracêutico muitas vezes são tratados erroneamente como sinônimos. (VASCONCELLOS, R.S. Jun/2011).     
 

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

Food offered and consumed in its natural state, without undergoing industrial changes that modify its physicochemical properties (texture, composition, organoleptic properties). Note: fruits and fresh milk are examples of fresh foods. (prepared by PRADA, C., 2013 from material from the Brazilian Ministry of Health).

Responsáveis pela regulação das atividades no organismo, garantindo seu bom funcionamento. São a água, fibras, sais minerais e vitaminas. (selecionado por PRADA, C.S., a patir do site do HC da FM-USP Jun/2014).     
 

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

The moisture content of this type of food ranges from 6 to 10% and 90% or more of dry matter. This type of food includes extruded products. The main ingredients usually employed in its manufacture include grain cereals, products derived from meat, poultry or fish, vitamin and mineral supplements. (prepared by JEREMIAS, J.T., 2009.).

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

It is the food for pets that has specific nutritional characteristics and balances used as a treatment or as an adjunct to clinical treatment in certain conditions that respond to nutritional management. It should always be prescribed by a veterinarian. (prepared by GOMES, M.O.S., 2009.).

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

The moisture content of this type of food ranges from 60 to more than 87%. The dry matter portion of this food (40 to 13%) is that it contains all the non-aqueous nutrients: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The shape, consistency and texture of this food are obtained by the addition of gums and other gelling agents, which have the function of adding water to the food. They have high palatability and have as main ingredients meat and meat by-products. (prepared by JEREMIAS, J.T., 2009.). 

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

Founded by seven leaders of the veterinary industry, AAHA has been committed to excellence, promoting high quality standards, improving care and practices related to small animals, since 1933. (prepared by PRADA, Cristiana S., 2013). 

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

The primary objective of the American College of Veterinary Nutrition is to advance the specialty area of veterinary nutrition and increase the competence of those who practice this domain by establishing requirements for certification in veterinary nutrition, encouraging continuing professional education, promoting research, and improving the dissemination of new knowledge about veterinary nutrition through didactic teaching and graduate programs. Veterinary nutritionists in the United States are Graduates of the American College of Veterinary Nutrition (ACVN). They are veterinarians who are certified experts in veterinary nutrition. Their training involves intensive clinical practice, teaching and research activities, covering at least two years. Students are also required to pass a written examination in order to obtain the Board diploma. (prepared by PRADA, Cristiana S., 2013).

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

The American Society of Veterinary Medical Association Executives (ASVMAE) is a network of professional associations that are dedicated to supporting and improving the efforts of organized veterinary medicine. The association exists to promote communication, cooperation, and learning among executives of veterinary medicine associations in North America. (prepared by PRADA, Cristiana S., 2013).

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

Founded in 1863, it is a non-profit association representing more than 84,000 veterinarians working in private and corporate practice, government, industry, academia and the military. Structured to work for its members, AVMA acts as a collective voice for its members and the profession. (prepared by PRADA, Cristiana S., 2013).

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

In general, they are polysaccharides whose sugars are joined by alpha bonds, accessible to the enzymatic digestion of monogastrics. It has a complex structure composed of two main portions: amylose and amylopectin. Starches are the forms of storage or energy source for plants and animals. (prepared by GOMES, M.O.S., 2009.).

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

An amino acid is an organic molecule that contains an amine group and a carboxyl group, and a side chain that is specific to each amino acid. Some amino acids may also contain sulfur. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. They are particularly important in biochemistry, where the term usually refers to alpha-amino acids, the amino acids that form proteins and which usually have as a structure, a central carbon (alpha carbon, almost always chiral) to which four groups are attached: the amine group (NH2), carboxylic group (COOH), hydrogen and a substituent characteristic of each amino acid. Amino acids bind together through peptide bonds, forming peptides and proteins. In order for cells to produce their proteins, they need amino acids, which can be obtained from food or be manufactured by the body itself.Amino acids can be classified nutritionally, as to the radical and as to their fate. (wikipedia consultation, approved by LOUREIRO, B. A. in 2013).

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

Amino acid necessary for protein synthesis, which must be present in food as animals are not able to synthesize it from carbon and nitrogen skeletons. The essential amino acids for dogs are 10 and for cats, 11. They are: arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine and taurine (cats). (prepared by JEREMIAS, J.T., 2009.). 

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

It is the National Association of Pet Food Manufacturers ? is a class entity, created in 1980 with the purpose of representing the interests of the pet products industry, at the national level, before all sectors of the economy and government areas that relate to it. For more information visit: http://anfalpet.org.br (prepared by GOMES, M.O.S., 2009.) Editor's Note PRADA, C.S.: in 2012 the institution became ABINPET that covers the entire pet area, not only nutrition.

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

It is the condition of an individual of loss of desire for food before he has satisfied his needs, caloric. Anorexia can be complete, when the animal stops consuming food for a period longer than considered normal, or partial (hyporexia), when the animal consumes a certain amount of food, but less than normal. (prepared by JEREMIAH, J.T., 2009.)

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

They are nutrient or non-nutrient substances that prevent the formation of free radicals or suppress them. They can have in vivo action when ingested or can act in the preservation of food when added to these as additives. (prepared by GOMES, M.O.S., 2009). 

(Original text produced in Portuguese. Automatically translated into English.).

Desire to eat. Appetite designates a will that can be completely independent of hunger. The sensory or psychological reaction, influenced by external and internal factors, including psychological factors such as anxiety, that stimulate an involuntary physiological response (e.g. salivation and stomach contractions). One can have an appetite even with a full stomach. (selected by PRADA, C.S., the HC website of FM-USP and other sources. Jun/2014).

Acímulo de líquidos na cavidade abdominal. (selecionado por PRADA, C.S., a patir do site do HC da FM-USP Jun/2014).     
 

Entidade sem fins lucrativos, criada em 1973 no Rio de Janeiro pelos médicos Prof. Dr. José Evangelista (in memorian) e sua esposa, Dra. Clara Sambaquy Evangelista. Somente em 1978, a Nutrologia foi reconhecida como Especialidade Médica pelo Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM), pela Associação Médica Brasileira (AMB) e pelo Conselho Nacional de Residência Médica (CNRM). Em 2003, a ABRAN realizou o 1º. Curso Nacional de Atualização em Nutrologia, realizado na Universidade de São Paulo (USP), em Ribeirão Preto. Criou o Boletim Brasileiro de Nutrologia (BBN), um informativo bimestral e a Revista de Nutrologia (International Journal of Nutrology), de distribuição gratuita para os afiliados. Tem os projetos futuros: Educação Continuada em Nutrologia, assim como o de efetivar a Nutrologia como disciplina nas Faculdades de Medicina em todo o país.  (coletado por PRADA, C.S., Ago. 2014).     
 

Gasto energético da atividade física. Representa 30% do gasto diário. Está relacionada com o peso e tamanho do animal, grau, duração e intensidade do exercício físico. É um dos componentes do Gasto Energético.  (elaborado por PEIXOTO, Mayara C., Out. 2013).

Ingestion, by the dog or cat, of whole raw items obtained by the animal itself, without any kind of human selection or manipulation. The animal eats ad libitum: live prey of its own hunting - usually feeding on the whole body of these - grass and other vegetables, eggs, soil, fruits, feces of other animals) (elaborated by PRADA, C.S., 2019).